Trévidic: Ibimenyetso bya tekiniki byakuye Massaka mu hantu hakekwa ko harasiwe indege ya Habyarimana

Umucamanza w’Umufaransa Marc Trévidic wahoze akora iperereza ku byaha, yavuze ko ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki bwakozwe mu iperereza ku ihanurwa ry’indege yari itwaye Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana butashyigikiye ko misile zarasiwe i Massaka, ahubwo ko ahantu hashoboka ko zarasiwe hateganye n’agace ka Kanombe. Icyakora, yashimangiye ko ubwo bushakashatsi butagaragaje abantu cyangwa urwego rwaba rwararashe izo misile.

Ibi Trévidic yabigarutseho ku wa 9 Nzeri 2026 mu kiganiro cyabereye i Paris mu Bufaransa, cyahuje abari barakurikiranye mu buryo butandukanye amateka n’iperereza ku ihanurwa ry’indege ya Perezida Habyarimana ku wa 6 Mata 1994.

Iki kiganiro cyabereye mu nzu y’ibiganiro ya Le Nouvel Observateur, cyitabirwa na Marc Trévidic, umunyamakuru w’Umubiligi Colette Braeckman, abanditsi b’Abafaransa Michel Bussi na Patrick de Saint-Exupéry, ndetse na François Graner wo mu muryango Survie. Ibiganiro byibanze ku gitabo Les Ombres du monde cya Michel Bussi, ariko hanaganirwa ku iperereza ryakozwe ku ihanurwa ry’indege, uruhare rw’u Bufaransa mu Rwanda mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ndetse n’imiyoboro y’abantu yakoreraga hanze y’inzego za Leta.

Ku wa 6 Mata 1994, indege Falcon 50 yari itwaye Perezida Habyarimana yahanuriwe hafi y’Ikibuga Mpuzamahanga cy’Indege cya Kigali. Abari bayirimo bose barapfuye, barimo Habyarimana na Perezida w’u Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira.

Ihanurwa ry’iyo ndege ryakurikiwe ako kanya n’iyicwa ry’abanyapolitiki bakomeye, barimo Minisitiri w’Intebe Agathe Uwilingiyimana, ndetse n’ikorwa ry’ubwicanyi bwateguwe bwaje kuvamo Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.

Mu kiganiro, abitabiriye bashimangiye ko ari ngombwa gutandukanya igikorwa cyahise gikurikirwa n’ibindi bikorwa n’impamvu nyirizina yatumye Jenoside ibaho. Bavuze ko ihanurwa ry’indege rishobora kuba ryarabaye ikimenyetso cyafashwe nk’intangiriro yo gufata ubutegetsi no gutangiza ubwicanyi ku rugero runini, ariko ko imiterere y’ubutegetsi, imvugo z’urwango, intwaro, urutonde rw’abantu bari bagambiriwe kwicwa n’ubukangurambaga byari byaratangiye gutegurwa mbere y’uko indege ihanurwa.

François Graner yavuze ko iyicwa rya Minisitiri w’Intebe n’abandi bayobozi bari barwanyije umugambi w’abari bafite umugambi w’ubutegetsi bushingiye ku ivangura ryari mu rwego rwo guhirika ubutegetsi. Muri iyi nyirantarengwa, ihanurwa ry’indege ntiryaba ari ryo ryatangije gahunda ya Jenoside, ahubwo ryafunguye inzira ku bari baramaze kwitegura kuyishyira mu bikorwa.

Kumenya uwarashe indege ya Habyarimana rero byasubiza ikibazo gikomeye mu mateka no mu butabera, ariko ntibihindura uruhare rw’abateguye n’abashyize mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

Mu kiganiro hanagarutswe ku ruhare rw’u Bufaransa mu Rwanda mbere ya 1994, cyane cyane ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare n’ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana ndetse n’ubufasha bwahawe ingabo zari zihanganye n’Inkotanyi.

Graner yagaragaje ko u Bufaransa bwari bufite imikoranire ya gisirikare n’ubutegetsi bwariho, mu gihe Braeckman, ashingiye ku kazi ke k’itangazamakuru yakoreye mu Rwanda, yibukije ko abakozi n’abasirikare b’Abafaransa bagaragaye cyane mu bikorwa by’ubufatanye n’ubutegetsi bw’icyo gihe.

Icyakora, abitabiriye ibiganiro bashimangiye ko kuba u Bufaransa bwaragiranye imikoranire ya politiki n’igisirikare n’ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bidahita bigaragaza ko bwagize uruhare mu ihanurwa ry’indege. Icyo kibazo gitandukanye n’icyerekeye umubano wa politiki n’igisirikare, nubwo iyo mikoranire ituma inyandiko za Leta y’u Bufaransa, ibikorwa bya gisirikare ndetse n’imiyoboro yakoreraga hanze y’inzego zisanzwe bikomeza gukorwaho ubushakashatsi.

Iperereza ryari riyobowe n’umucamanza Jean-Louis Bruguière na ryo ryabaye kimwe mu byibanzweho. Mu 2006, Bruguière yatanze impapuro zo guta muri yombi ku rwego mpuzamahanga bamwe mu bayobozi bakuru b’Inkotanyi, ashingiye ku iperereza ryagejeje ku mwanzuro w’uko indege yari yarashwe n’abantu bari bafitanye isano n’umutwe wari uyobowe na Paul Kagame.

Iryo perereza ryaje kunengwa cyane, cyane cyane ku birebana n’ubuhamya bw’abavugaga ko Inkotanyi ari zo zari inyuma y’igikorwa, ndetse no kuba Bruguière ataragiye mu Rwanda gukora isuzuma ry’ahabereye icyaha mu buryo bw’iperereza ry’ubucamanza.

Trévidic, waje gukomeza iryo perereza, yavuze ko igihe yaritangira yasanzemo dosiye yari ifatwa nk’aho hafi ya byose byamaze gukorwa. Impapuro zo guta muri yombi zari zatanzwe, bityo hakaba hasigaye kurangiza inzira y’urubanza.

Icyakora, ubwo yakomezaga gusuzuma dosiye, yagaragaje ibibazo ku bwizerwe bw’ubuhamya bumwe na bumwe ndetse n’uburyo bwari bwarakusanyijwe. Hari abatangabuhamya bavugaga ko bagize uruhare rutaziguye mu ihanurwa ry’indege, ariko bamwe muri bo ntibari barigeze bakorwaho iperereza mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko. Trévidic yavuze ko ibi byateje ikibazo gikomeye mu buryo iperereza ryari ryarakozwe.

Yashimangiye kandi ko ibirego bigomba kugeragezwa mu buryo bwubahiriza uburenganzira bw’impande zombi, aho gufata ubuhamya nk’ukuri kudashidikanywaho kubera gusa ko buhuye n’igitekerezo cyari gisanzwe gifatwa nk’ukuri.

Trévidic yanagarutse ku muntu witwa Fabien Singaye, wari umusemuzi mu biganiro bimwe by’ingenzi byakozwe mu iperereza rya mbere. Yavuze ko iperereza ryakurikiyeho n’inyandiko zabonetse mu bantu bari bafitanye isano na Paul Barril zagaragaje ko Singaye yari afitanye imikoranire n’abantu bashoboraga kugira inyungu mu cyerekezo cy’iperereza.

Ibi ntibisobanuye ko buri buhamya yagiye asobanura cyangwa ashyikiriza iperereza bwose bwahise buba impfabusa, ariko byazamuye ikibazo ku kutabogama kwe ndetse n’imiterere y’ukuntu ubuhamya bumwe bwari bwarakusanyijwe cyangwa bugasobanurwa.

Paul Barril, wahoze mu mutwe w’abasirikare b’Abafaransa bazwi nka GIGN, na we yagarutsweho kubera imikoranire ye n’abari mu butegetsi bw’u Rwanda mbere ya 1994 ndetse n’uruhare rwe mu miyoboro y’umutekano yakoreraga hanze y’inzego zisanzwe. Patrick de Saint-Exupéry yavuze ko ibikorwa bya Barril bikwiye gukorwaho iperereza ryimbitse, ariko yirinda kuvuga ko ari we wateguye cyangwa wakoze igikorwa cyo guhanura indege.

Igice cy’ingenzi mu bisobanuro bya Trévidic cyibanze ku bushakashatsi bwa tekiniki bwakozwe nyuma yo gufata dosiye. Abahanga basuzumye ubuhamya bw’abari hafi y’ahabereye igikorwa, igihe amajwi y’iraswa rya misile yashoboraga kumvikana ahantu hatandukanye, inzira indege yari igezeho ndetse n’ibyangiritse ku bisigazwa byayo.

Abari hafi y’ikigo cya gisirikare cya Kanombe bari baravuze ko bumvise amajwi y’iraswa rya misile. Ibyo babonye byagereranyijwe n’imibare y’abahanga ku buryo amajwi agenda n’umwanya indege yari irimo.

Abahanga banasesenguye uburyo misile zikurikirana ubushyuhe zishobora kuba zarageze ku ndege. Trévidic yasobanuye ko igice cy’inyuma cy’indege, kirimo moteri eshatu n’umurizo, kitagaragazaga ibyangiritse byari guteganywa iyo misile iba yaraturutse inyuma y’indege. Ku rundi ruhande, ibumoso bw’indege hari harangiritse cyane.

Uko abahanga babisesenguye, misile ishobora kuba yaraturutse munsi y’ibaba ry’ibumoso, ikurikiye ubushyuhe bwaturukaga kuri moteri. Iryo baba ryaje kuba hagati ya misile n’aho ubushyuhe bwaturukaga, bituma ari ryo ryangirika.

Trévidic yavuze ko iyi nzira ya misile idahuye n’igitekerezo cy’uko zarasiwe i Massaka, ahantu ubuhamya bw’abantu bamwe bwari bushingirwaho mu birego byari byaratanzwe kuri bamwe mu bari mu RPF.

Ahubwo, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko agace kari hafi ya Kanombe ari ko gashobora guhuza n’uburyo misile zishobora kuba zarageze ku ndege.

Icyakora, Trévidic yashimangiye ko ibi bidahita bisobanura ko misile zarasiwe imbere mu kigo cya gisirikare cya Kanombe. Ntabwo kandi ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje abarashe izo misile cyangwa uruhande bari bahagarariye.

Ni yo mpamvu umwanzuro we wagarukaga ku kintu kimwe: ibimenyetso bya tekiniki byakuye Massaka mu hantu hashoboka ko misile zarasiwe, ariko ntibyagaragaje uwazirashe.

Mu gihe cy’ibiganiro, umukobwa wavuze ko ari imfura ya Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yahagurutse mu bari bateze amatwi, ashyira amakenga ku buryo abahanga bari basesenguye aho misile zarasiwe ndetse n’imiterere y’igikorwa.

Yavuze kandi ku myumvire yari ihari ku mugambi wa se wa politiki, avuga ko yari yarigeze kugaragaza ko atashakaga gukomeza kuyobora igihugu ubuziraherezo.

Ibi byahuriranye n’inyandiko yagaragajwe na François Graner, yavuze ko ari ubutumwa bwa dipolomasi bw’u Bufaransa bwo ku wa 30 Werurwe 1993, bwerekanaga ko Habyarimana ashobora kuba yaratekerezaga kuva ku butegetsi mu gihe yari kubona ingwate z’umutekano we n’umuryango we.

Colette Braeckman na we yagaragaje igitekerezo cy’uko bamwe mu bakoraga muri politiki ikaze hafi y’ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bashobora kuba barabonaga ko agenda yitegura kwemera ubwumvikane bukomoka ku masezerano y’amahoro ya Arusha.

Icyakora, ibi bikomeza kuba igitekerezo cya politiki kandi ntibifatwa nk’umwanzuro w’ubushakashatsi bwa ballistique cyangwa nk’icyemezo cy’ubucamanza kigaragaza uwateguye igitero.

Braeckman yanagarutse ku ibaruwa itazwi uwanditse yari yaragejejwe ku kinyamakuru cyo mu Bubiligi Le Soir muri Kamena 1994. Iyo baruwa yavugaga ko abasirikare babiri b’Abafaransa, bavugwaga ko bakoranaga n’umutwe wa Coalition pour la Défense de la République (CDR), bari bagize uruhare mu ihanurwa ry’indege bambaye imyambaro y’Ababiligi.

Braeckman ubwe yemeye ko iyo baruwa ishobora kuba yarahimbwe. Kuba yaranditswe n’umuntu utaramenyekana kandi nta bimenyetso byigenga byari byemeje ibyo yavugaga bituma idashobora gufatwa nk’ikimenyetso gihamya uruhare rw’abo bantu.

Ikindi kibazo cyavuzweho ni igikoresho cyigeze gufatwa nk’icyari icyuma kibika amakuru y’indege, kizwi nka black box. Icyo gikoresho cyari cyabonetse ahantu hagenzurwaga n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, ariko nyuma haza amakuru avuga ko cyari icya Concorde, atari icy’indege ya Habyarimana.

Bamwe mu bitabiriye ibiganiro bagaragaje ko bashidikanya ko ibyo bishobora kuba byari bigamije kuyobya abantu, ariko nta kimenyetso cyatanzwe kigaragaza uwashyize icyo gikoresho aho, igihe cyabereye cyangwa niba byari bigamije gutera urujijo.

Kugeza ubu, amakuru yizewe ku byavuye mu byuma by’indege ya Falcon 50 abitswe muri black box ntabwo yatanze igisubizo cyemejwe ku mugaragaro ku waba warateguye cyangwa warakoze icyo gitero.

François Graner yanagarutse ku rupfu rw’abafaransa René Maier na Alain Didot, umugore wa Didot witwaga Gilda, ndetse n’umukozi wabo w’Umunyarwanda Jean-Damascène Murasira, bishwe mu minsi yakurikiye ihanurwa ry’indege.

Yagaragaje ibibazo bijyanye n’inyandiko z’urupfu, uko ibihe byakurikiranye ndetse n’ibikoresho by’itumanaho byavugwaga ko byaburiwe irengero. Ibi byatumye havuka amakenga ko bamwe muri abo bantu bashobora kuba bari bafite amakuru y’ingenzi.

Icyakora, mu biganiro nta bimenyetso byatanzwe bihagije byemeza ko urupfu rwabo rwari rufitanye isano n’ihanurwa ry’indege cyangwa ko hari amakuru bari bafite ku itegurwa ry’igitero.

Trévidic yasobanuye ko ububasha yari afite mu iperereza n’amategeko agenga igihe ibyaha bishobora gukurikiranwamo byagize uruhare mu kugena ibyo yashoboraga gukoraho muri dosiye y’ihanurwa ry’indege.

Urupfu rwa François de Grossouvre, wari umujyanama wa hafi wa Perezida w’u Bufaransa François Mitterrand, na rwo rwagarutsweho. Grossouvre yapfiriye mu Ngoro ya Élysée ku wa 7 Mata 1994. Urupfu rwe rwashyizwe ku murongo w’urupfu rwatewe no kwiyahura, nubwo bamwe mu bo mu muryango we batigeze bemera uwo mwanzuro.

Michel Bussi yavuze ko igihe urwo rupfu rwabereye gishobora gutuma abantu bibaza ibibazo, cyane cyane ku birebana n’imikoranire ya Grossouvre na Paul Barril. Icyakora, nta kimenyetso cyatanzwe muri ibyo biganiro cyerekanye ko urupfu rwa Grossouvre rwari rufitanye isano n’ihanurwa ry’indege ya Habyarimana.

Bussi kandi yasobanuye ko umwanditsi w’ibitabo atandukanye n’umucamanza cyangwa umunyamakuru. Mu bihangano by’ibitabo, umwanditsi ashobora guhuza ibintu bitandukanye, agakoresha ibitekerezo ku mpamvu z’ibyabaye ndetse akubaka inkuru ishingiye ku bibazo bitarasubizwa.

Ariko igitekerezo kiri mu gitabo ntigihita gihinduka ikimenyetso cy’amateka cyangwa icyemezo cy’ubucamanza.

Mu kiganiro hanagaragajwe impaka ku gitekerezo cy’uko RPF yaba yaragize uruhare mu ihanurwa ry’indege ndetse n’ibibazo by’uko icyo gitekerezo cyaba kitarakorewe iperereza rihagije. Icyakora, nta bimenyetso bishya byatanzwe muri ibyo biganiro byagaragaje ko RPF ari yo yateguye cyangwa yakoze igitero.

Icyagarutsweho cyane ni uko ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki bwakozwe mu iperereza rya Trévidic butashyigikiye igitekerezo cy’uko misile zarasiwe i Massaka, cyari gishingiye ahanini ku buhamya bw’abatangabuhamya bamwe.

Kuba Massaka yarakuwe mu hantu hashoboka ko zarasiwe ntibisobanuye ko hagaragajwe uwarashe indege. Ni kimwe n’uko kuba hakomeje kubaho ibibazo bitarasubizwa bidashobora gufatwa nk’ikimenyetso gihamya uruhande runaka.

Ibiganiro byabereye i Paris byongeye kugaragaza ko ikibazo cy’ihanurwa ry’indege ya Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana kigikomeje kuba imwe mu ngingo zitavugwaho rumwe mu mateka y’u Rwanda n’akarere.

Iperereza rya tekiniki ryavuzwe na Marc Trévidic ryakuye Massaka mu hantu hakomeye haketsweho kuba ari ho misile zarasiwe, ryerekeza ku gace kari hafi ya Kanombe. Ariko nta mwanzuro w’iperereza wavuzwe muri ibyo biganiro wagaragaje neza abantu barashe izo misile, uwabategetse cyangwa uruhande bari bahagarariye.

Nyuma y’imyaka isaga 30, ikibazo cy’uwahanuye indege ya Perezida Habyarimana ku wa 6 Mata 1994 kiracyari mu bibazo bikomeye by’amateka n’ubutabera bitarasubizwa mu buryo bwemejwe n’urukiko.